The composition of music is very complex it contains tone, rhythm, harmony, melody, and other factors. If the method is applied to music lessons in schools or in the community, it may help improve children's working memory. In addition, we used an inexpensive and portable keyboard harmonica therefore, our instructional method is easy to apply in classrooms or other circumstances. The result suggests that several weeks of instrumental music training may be beneficial to improving children's working memory. However, no significant influences were found on the other cognitive tests. After the 6-week training, only the experimental group showed a significant improvement in the Digit Span test (especially in the Digit Span Backward) that measures working memory. Cognitive measurements included verbal ability, processing speed, working memory, and inhibitory control, which were administered before and after the curriculum in both groups. Different from traditional instrumental training, the curriculum did not use musical scores to emphasize creating association between sound (auditory modality) and finger movement (somato-motor system). Forty children (aged 6â8 years) were randomly assigned to either the experimental group ( n = 20), which received a 6-week (12-session) keyboard harmonica curriculum, or an untrained control group ( n = 20). Consequently, the present exploratory pilot study investigated the effect of a six-week instrumental practice program (i.e., playing the keyboard harmonica) on children's cognitive functions using a randomized controlled trial. Moreover, effects of short-term (there is a disagreement about what domain(s) might be affected. Previous studies have reported that music training not only improves children's musical skills, but also enhances their cognitive functions. 5Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.4Division of Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.3Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 2Faculty of Music, Kyoto City University of Arts, Kyoto, Japan.1Graduate School of Social and Cultural Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.Two potential alternative RDS scores were introduced, which showed better sensitivity than the traditional RDS, while retaining specificity to malingering.Xia Guo 1 Chie Ohsawa 2,3 Akiko Suzuki 1 Kaoru Sekiyama 4,5 * Patterns of RDS length using all three subscales of the new scale were different in malingerers when compared with both head-injured and non-head-injured controls. Previously established cutoffs for the age-corrected scaled score and Reliable Digit Span (RDS) performed similarly in the present samples. Undergraduates with a history of mild head injury performed with best effort or simulated impaired cognition and were also compared with a large sample of non-head-injured controls. Using a simulated malingerer design, we examined the predictive accuracy of existing Digit Span validity indices and explored whether patterns of performance utilizing the new version would provide additional evidence for malingering. However, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (Wechsler, 2008) altered Digit Span in meaningful ways, necessitating another look at Digit Span as an embedded measure of malingering. Prior research shows that Digit Span is a useful embedded measure of malingering.
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